郑和下西洋的英文资料
发布网友
发布时间：2022-04-25 13:09
共3个回答
热心网友
时间：2024-06-13 10:51
郑和下西洋的英文资料如下：
Zheng He's voyage to the West was a voyage between Yongle and Xuande in Ming Dynasty. The first voyage started in Yongle three years (1405), and the last voyage ended in Xuande eight years (1433), totaling seven times.
Because the mission was being made by Zheng He, and the fleet sailed to the west of Borneo.
On the seven voyage, Zheng He, the three treasures eunuch, led the fleet from the point of departure to the port of Liu Jia Gang, and to the port of Taiping port.
The Western Pacific Ocean and Yang Yang visited more than 30 countries and regions, including Java, Sumatra, Su Lu, Peng Heng, Zhen La, Gu Li, Kun, bang Ge Luo, Kun, Tian Fang, Zuo FA Er, Wu. Rumus, Mugu Dushu and other places are known to reach East Africa and the Red Sea as far as possible.
Zheng He's voyage to the west is the largest and longest sailing voyage in China in ancient times. It is also the largest maritime exploration in the history of the world before the voyage in the late fifteenth Century.
However, there are still disputes about the historical facts of Zheng He's fleet, such as its purpose and scope of navigation, and its evaluation of the seven voyages.
翻译：
郑和下西洋是明代永乐、宣德年间的一场海上远航活动，首次航行始于永乐三年（1405年），末次航行结束于宣德八年（1433年），共计七次。由于使团正使由郑和担任，且船队航行至婆罗洲以西洋面。
在七次航行中，三宝太监郑和率领船队从南京出发，在江苏太仓的刘家港集结，至福建福州长乐太平港驻泊伺风开洋 ，远航西太平洋和印度洋拜访了30多个国家和地区，其中包括爪哇、苏门答腊、苏禄、彭亨、真腊、古里、暹罗、榜葛剌、阿丹、天方、左法尔、忽鲁谟斯、木骨都束等地，目前已知最远到达东非、红海。
郑和下西洋是中国古代规模最大、船只和海员最多、时间最久的海上航行，也是15世纪末欧洲的地理大发现的航行以前世界历史上规模最大的一系列海上探险。然而，关于郑和船队的航海目的、航行范围等史实以及对七次航行的评价，仍存在争议。
扩展资料：
郑和：
郑和（1371年 - 1433年 ），回族， 本姓马，为明成祖朱棣赐姓郑，世称“三保太监又作“三宝太监”，云南昆阳州人。明朝太监，航海家、外交家。
郑和年轻时从侍燕王朱棣，有智略，知兵习战。后在靖难之役中有功，升任为内官监太监。1405年（永乐三年）至1424年（永乐二十二年），郑和六次作为正使太监下西洋。
1425年（洪熙元年）后，郑和任南京守备太监，1430年（宣德五年）受命第七次下西洋，一说在途中于1433年（宣德八年）卒于古里国，今南京牛首山南麓郑和墓或为其衣冠冢。
郑和下西洋，是15世纪初叶世界航海史上的空前壮举，对中外经济、文化交往起到了积极作用；
郑和本人，也在这一历史事件中展现出其外交才能、军事谋略以及精神品质，并赢得世人的尊重和纪念。晚清以降，郑和研究获得迅速发展，但不少重要课题仍无定论。
参考资料来源：百度百科-郑和下西洋
参考资料来源：百度百科-郑和
热心网友
时间：2024-06-13 10:51
A Treasure Ship Captain
Early in the 15th century, a huge fleet of ships set sail from Nanjing. It was the first of a series of voyages that would, for a brief period, establish China as the leading power of the age. The voyage was led by Zheng He, the most important Chinese adventurer of all time and one of the greatest sailors the world has ever known. In fact, some people think he was the original model for the legendary Sinbad the Sailor.
In 1371, Zheng He was born in what is now Yunnan Province to Muslim parents, who named him Ma Sanpao. When he was 11 years old, invading Ming armies captured Ma and took him to Nanjing. There he was castrated and made to serve as a eunuch in the imperial household.
Ma befriended a prince there who later became the Yong Le Emperor, one of the Ming Dynasty's most distinguished. Brave, strong, intelligent and totally loyal, Ma won the trust of the prince who, after ascending the throne, gave him a new name and made him Grand Imperial Eunuch.
Yong Le was an ambitious emperor who believed that China's greatness would be increased with an "open-door" policy regarding international trade and diplomacy. In 1405, he ordered Chinese ships to sail to the Indian Ocean, and put Zheng He in charge of the voyage. Zheng went on to lead seven expeditions in 28 years, visiting more than 40 countries.
Zheng's fleet had more than 300 ships and 30,000 sailors. The largest vessels, 133-meter-long "treasure ships", had up to nine masts and could carry a thousand people. Along with a Han and Muslim crew, Zheng opened up trade routes in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
The voyages helped expand foreign interest in Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain. In addition, Zheng He brought exotic foreign items back to China, including the first giraffe ever seen there. At the same time, the fleet's obvious strength meant that the Emperor of China commanded respect and inspired fear all over Asia.
While Zheng He's main aim was to show the superiority of Ming China, he often got involved in the local politics of places he visited. In Ceylon, for instance, he helped restore the legitimate ruler to the throne. On the island of Sumatra, now part of Indonesia, he defeated the army of a dangerous pirate and took him to China for execution.
Though Zheng He died in 1433 and was probably buried at sea, a grave and small monument to him still exist in Jiangsu Province. Three years after Zheng He's death, a new emperor banned the construction of oceangoing ships, and China's brief era of naval expansion was over. Chinese policy turned inward, leaving the seas clear for the rising nations of Europe.
Opinions vary on why this happened. Whatever the reason, conservative forces gained the upper hand, and China's potential for world domination was not realized. Records of Zheng He's incredible voyages were burned. Not until the early 20th century did another fleet of comparable size take to the seas.
中文：
15世纪初，一支浩浩荡荡的船队从南京启航。这次远航揭开了其后一连串海上航行的序幕，并在短暂时间内为中国确立了大国领先的地位。郑和统帅了这次远航，他是中国历史上最重要的探险家，也是举世闻名的最伟大的航海家之一。事实上，还有些人认为他是传说中水手辛巴达的原型。
公元1371年，郑和出生在现在的云南省的一个穆斯林家庭里。他的父母给他取名为马三保。马三保11岁时，被入侵云南的明军掳至南京，被净身后入宫，选去王府做内宫太监。
马三保在王府期间和王太子成为了好朋友，王子后来成为明成祖永乐皇帝，是明代最出色的皇帝之一。马三保英勇、强壮、足智多谋，又赤胆忠心，因此深得王太子的信赖。王太子登基之后，赐给马三保“郑和”这个新的名字，同时提升他为内宫监太监。
永乐皇帝是个雄心勃勃的皇帝，他相信通过国际贸易及外交上的“门户开放”*，中国会在世界上享有更高的声望。公元1405年，永乐皇帝下诏让中国船队远航到印度洋，并派遣郑和负责此趟航程。在以后的28年里，郑和连续7次率领了海上远征探险的壮举，访问了40多个国家。
郑和的船队由三百艘大船及三万多名水兵组成。船队中最大的一艘船被称为“宝船”，其船身长达133米，船桅多达九根，可搭载一千人。郑和和汉人与穆斯林船员一起打开了中国在非洲、印度、及东南亚的贸易航线。
这几次远航刺激了外国对中国货物如丝绸、瓷器等的兴趣。此外，郑和也将外国的珍奇宝物带回中国，包括以前没见过的麒麟（长颈鹿）。同时，郑和船队显而易见的强大阵容，意味着中国皇帝获得了亚洲各国的敬畏。
郑和下西洋的主要目的在于宣扬大明的强盛国威，但他经常卷入出访地的*。例如，在锡兰（即今天的斯里兰卡），他扶持合法统治者重登王位。在苏门答腊岛（今天印尼的一部分)，郑和击退一支由残暴海盗领军的队伍，并将其首领押回中国处死。
郑和于公元1433年去世，并且可能葬身于汪洋大海之中，但江苏省现在仍有他的坟墓和一座小型纪念碑。郑和死后3年，新登基的皇帝下诏禁止远洋船舶的建造，中国这短暂的海军扩张时代也就到此结束了。中国的*转而向内，把大海完全拱手让给欧洲新兴的国家。
中国的*为何会发生这样的转变，一直众说纷纭。不管是什么原因，朝中保守势力占了上风，这样中国统治世界的潜力终究未能得到发挥。郑和令人惊叹的航海纪录也遭焚毁湮灭。直到20世纪初叶，中国才有另一支相当规模的船队驶向大海。
热心网友
时间：2024-06-13 10:52
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally recognized foreign peoples.
Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Zheng He's first voyage consisted of a fleet of perhaps 300 ships[6] (other sources say 200)[7] holding almost 28,000 crewmen. These were probably mainly large six-masted ships - it is now thought that the large and flat nine-masted "treasure ships" were probably river ships used by the Emperor.
On the first three voyages, Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon (today known as Sri Lanka). The fourth expedition went to the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and later expeditions ventured down the east African coast, as far as Malindi in what is now Kenya. Unspecified officials have reportedly endorsed the theory, so far unproven, that one of Zheng He's ships foundered on the rocks near Lamu island, off the coast of today's Kenya, with survivors swimming ashore, marrying locals and creating a family of Chinese-Africans that is now being reunited with the Chinese motherland [9]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts, including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He and his company paid respects to local deities and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument honouring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu.
Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, and his large army awed most would-be enemies into submission. But a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger", and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might. He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He also intervened in a civil disturbance in order to establish his authority in Ceylon, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa. From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from thirty states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.
In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (reigned 1424–1425), decided to curb the influence at court. Zheng He made one more voyage under the Xuande Emperor (reigned 1426–1435), but after that Chinese treasure ship fleets ended. Zheng He died ring the treasure fleet's last voyage. Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty: he was, like many great admirals, buried at sea. [10]
Zheng He, on his seven voyages, successfully relocated large numbers of Chinese Muslims to Malacca, Palembang, Surabaya and other places and Malacca became the center of Islamic learning and also a large international Islamic trade center of the southern seas.
His missions showed impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant. Chinese merchants continued to trade in Japan and southeast Asia, but Imperial officials gave up any plans to maintain a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean and even destroyed most of the nautical charts that Zheng He had carefully prepared.[citation needed] The decommissioned treasure ships sat in harbors until they rotted away, and Chinese craftsmen forgot the technology of building such large vessels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He
郑和下西洋
1405年7月11日（明永乐三年）明成祖命郑和率领庞大的二百四十多海船、二万七千四百名船员组成的船队远航，访问了30多个在西太平洋和印度洋的国家和地区，加深了中国同东南亚、东非的相互了解。每次都由苏州刘家港出发，一直到1433年（明宣德8年），他一共远航了有八次之多。最后一次，宣德八年四月回程到古里时，在船上因病过世。民间故事《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》将他的旅行探险称之为三宝太监下西洋。
郑和曾到达过爪哇、苏门答腊、苏禄、彭亨、真腊、古裏、暹罗、榜葛剌、阿丹、天方、左法尔、忽鲁谟斯、木骨都束等三十多个国家，最远曾达非洲东岸，红海、麦加，并有可能到过澳洲.
第一次下西洋
永乐三年六月十五（1405年7月11日）奉诏出使西洋。同年冬，从南京龙江港启航，经太仓出海，永乐五年九月初二（1407年10月2日）回国。第一次下西洋人数据载有27800人。
第二次下西洋
永乐五年九月十三日（1407年10月13日）出发，到达汶莱、泰国、柬埔寨、印度等地，在锡兰山迎请佛牙，随船带回，永乐七年夏（1409年）回国。第二次下西洋人数据载有27000人。
第三次下西洋
永乐七年九月（1409年10月）从太仓刘家港启航，姚广孝、费信、马欢等人会同前往，到达越南、马来西亚、印度等地，回国途中访锡兰山，永乐九年六月十六（1411年7月6日）回国。
第四次下西洋
永乐十一年十一月（1413年11月）出发，随行有通译马欢，绕过阿拉伯半岛，首次航行东非麻林迪，永乐十三年七月初八（1415年8月12日）回国。同年11月，麻林迪特使来中国进献「麒麟」（即长颈鹿）[6]。第四次下西洋人数据载有27670人。
第五次下西洋
永乐十五年五月（1417年6月）出发，随行有蒲寿庚的后代蒲日和，途经泉州，到占城、爪哇，最远到达东非木骨都束、卜喇哇、麻林等国家，永乐十七年七月十七（1419年8月8日）回国。
第六次下西洋
永乐十九年正月三十日（1421年3月3日）出发，往榜葛剌（孟加拉），史载「於镇东洋中，官舟遭大风，掀翻欲溺，舟中喧泣，急叩神求佑，言未毕，……风恬浪静」，中道返回，永乐二十年八月十八（1422年9月2日）回国。永乐二十二年，明成祖去世，仁宗朱高炽即位，以经济空虚，下令停止下西洋的行动。
第七次下西洋
宣德五年闰十二月初六（1431年1月从龙江关（今南京下关）启航，返航后，郑和因劳累过度於宣德八年（1433年）四月初在印度西海岸古里去世，遗体埋葬於古里[7]，船队由太监王景弘率领返航，宣德八年七月初六（1433年7月22日）返回南京。第七次下西洋人数据载有27550人。
[编辑] 目的
郑和下西洋的目的，目前不同的历史学家有不同的看法。
[编辑] 耀兵海外，宣扬朱棣天下观
《明史·郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹，且欲耀兵异域，示中国富强。」
[编辑] 寻找建文帝
明代多种文献认为：郑和下西洋是为了寻找建文帝的下落。
《明史•郑和传》中记曰：「成祖疑惠帝亡海外，欲觅踪迹」。
《西山杂志•三宝太监下西洋》「永乐三年成祖疑惠帝南逃，命中官郑和、王景弘、张文等造大船百艘，率军二万七千余」。
顾起元《客座赘语·宝船厂》：「宝船之役，时有谓健文帝入海上诸国，假此踪迹之」。
[编辑] 包抄帖木儿帝国
历史学家向达、尚钺提出郑和下西洋是针对帖木儿帝国[8]，联合印度包抄帖木儿帝国后方，牵制其东进[9]。明初时，帖木尔帝国进攻明朝，因此从海外包抄是郑和的一个主要目的。
参考资料：http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C#.E9.84.AD.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.8B.E8.A5.BF.E6.B4.8B
