英语并列短语的表达方法
发布网友
发布时间：2022-10-04 23:19
共1个回答
热心网友
时间：2023-10-16 04:42
1. 按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类;
2. 句子按其结构可以分为简单句、并列句、复合句三类。下面就考试中常见的并列句和复合句做简单介绍。
(一)并列句
1. 由and、but、or、so、for等并列连词把两个简单句连接起来而成的。例如：
John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 You should hurry, or you will miss the train. 你该快点了，否则要误车了。
He must be a good student, for he is always careful with his lessons. 他肯定是个好学生，因为他学习一直很认真仔细。
2. 由并列连词词组连接成的。常用的有not only … but also … , either … or … , neither … nor … , not … but …, both … and …, 等等。例如：
Not only one but also all of us were invited. 不只是一个，而是我们全体都受到邀请。
Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。
Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。
Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 并列句的口诀!
and 表示顺承 while表示对比 but/yet表示转折 for/so表示因果 or/either ...or 表示选择when和and/then表示时间 and/so/neither/nor表示并列 not only...but also/neither... nor表示递进
(二)主从复合句
包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且，其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，这样的句子叫做复合句。 按照从句在整个复合句中所起的语法作用，可将复合句分为六类。即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。在以往的英语应用能力等级考试中，这六种复合句都曾出现过，其中尤其以宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句为多。下面分别予以讲解。
1. 主语从句
在整个句子中充当主语成分的从句。可以由从属连词that, whether等引导;也可以由连接代词what, which, who以及由连接副词how, when, where, why，as等引导。例： A) which B) what C) that D) one
2. 同位语从句
从句的作用是做主语、表语或宾语的同位语(即，不是对主语、表语或宾语进行修饰和限定，而是说明其内容含义)，则叫做同位语从句。由that引导。例：
The mere fact most people believe nuclear war would be madness
does not mean that it will not occur.
A) what C) that B) which D) why
可以由同位语从句修饰的名词还有thought, idea, news, hope, belief, doubt等。
3.表语从句
当主句的谓语是系动词，而从句位于其后，即在整个句子中充当表语，则该从句叫做表语从句。可以由从属连词that, whether等引导;由连接代词what, which, who等引导;由连接副词how,when,where,why等引导;以及由because等引导。
Eg: Their argument was how we know a way to test the authorities statement.
他们的论据是我们怎能知道检验权威观点的方法。
4. 宾语从句(包括间接引语)
在主句中充当宾语成分，即跟在及物动词后面、不及物动词加介词后面，或介词后面的从句叫做宾语从句。可以由从属连词that, whether, if等引导;由连接代词what, which, who等引导;由连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。例：
Professor Lee's book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts. 李教授的书将向您展示如何您看到可用于其他上下文中。
5. 定语从句
定语从句分为两类：非*性定语从句和*性定语从句。前者用逗号与主句隔开，如果去除这一部分并不改变影响主句的意思的定语从句(在非*性定语从句中，需要注意的是，不能用that替换which引导词)。而*性定语从句正好与之相反，不需逗号将从句与主句隔开，如果去除的话，将大大影响原句要表达的意思。
定语从句在英语应用能力等级考试中出现频率相当高。考查点主要在于引导定语从句的关系词的'选择和非*性定语从句的辨识。
指代人时，定语从句可以由关系代词who, whom, whose引导;指代物时，可以由关系代词which引导;指代人或物时，由that引导;由关系副词when, where, why等引导。例：
As is announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays. 据今天的报纸宣布，上海出口商品博览会星期日也照常开放
注意：
a) 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做宾语时，常常可以省略，在口语中更常见。
b) 引导词where就等于介词加which，都指代从句的地点状语。where本身就可以代替介词短语表示地点状语，而which只能指代介词短语中的名词，所以它前面或从句中必须有介词。例：
This is the house where / in which I used to live.
这就是我曾经住过的房子。
I will never forget the days when / ring which we lived together.
我永远忘不了我们在一起的那些日子。
6.状语从句
在复合句中充当时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等状语成分的从句通称为状语从句。
(1) 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由since, when, after, as, while, before, by, ring等时间连词引导。例如：
Tom was playing computer games when his mother found him.
汤姆的妈妈找到他时，他正在玩电脑游戏。
(2)地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：
I found my wallet where I walked. 我在我走过的地方找到了钱包。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
(3)方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。例如：
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)
(4)目的状语从句 表示目的的状语从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in
case等词引导。例如：
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多穿点衣服，以防天变冷。
(5)原因状语从句
原因状语从句一般由because, since, as和for引导。because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
(6)结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如： He is so young a boy that he can't go to school.。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 。 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
(7)条件状语从句
条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。unless = if not. 例如：
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。
You will be late unless you leave immediately. 除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。
(8)让步状语从句
though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如： Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。例如： Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。
Young as / though he is, he is so experienced. 虽然很小，但他经验丰富。
ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。
whether…or… 不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。
"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would
not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
并列连词英文短语
并列连词可表示多种意义，但主要有四种，即表示并列、转折、选择、因果等。注意并列连词在句子中位置比较固定，定位于所连接的语言单位之间，两个并列连词不能并用,而可以与从属连词并用。
1、表示并列关系的并列连词
(1)并列连词and的用法
① 可以连接两个的词，多用于肯定句中。
Go and fetch something to eat.(连接两个动词如go, come等表示目的)去取些吃的东西来。 He started to shout and sing.他开始大叫并唱歌。
Read it slowly and clearly.慢慢念，念清楚。
The balloon flew higher and higher.气球越飞越高。
You can meet teachers and students.你会见到许多老师和学生。
Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康很重要。
②连接两个句子，表示因果、对比、条件、假设、目的等。
They didn``t catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他们没赶上汽车，只好在旅馆过夜。(因果)
Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.玛丽喜欢音乐，莉莉爱好体育运动。(对比)
Work hard and you will succeed.(条件，前面部分常为祈使句)如果你努力工作，就会成功。 One more week and we’ll accomplish the task.再一星期，我们就完成任务。(条件)
(2)并列连词bothand, not onlybut also, as well as的用法
①bothand意为：“不但而且; 既又”，是并列连词，可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。并列主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。 Both teaching and research work are making great strides.教学与科研都在大踏步前进。 The delegates visited both New York and Boston.代表们既访问了纽约，又访问了波士顿。 She both plays the piano and sings.她既会弹钢琴又会唱歌。
Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校长都喜欢这个男孩。
The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.国内外形势对我们都很有利。
②not onlybut also意为：“不但...而且”，是并列连词，可以连接两个词，也可连接两个句子。其中，but also中的also可以省略。
a.连接两个成分
not onlybut also可以连接句中所有的成分，连接并列主语时，其谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。
Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们津津有味地看着这部电影，而且他们的老师也是如此。
He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会*而且会讲英语。
He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。
b.并列两个句子
not onlybut also可以连接两个句子，not only位于句首时， not only后的句子要倒装。 Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科学家而且还是名战士。
Not only was evrything he had taken away, but his citizenship.不仅他的一切被拿走，而且他的国籍也被取消。
③as well as 其连词作用，表示“同、和、也”等。
The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.编辑和校对者都在加班工作。 I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。
④when并列连词，意为“就在那时”
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我刚想走，突然电话铃响了。
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我们在户外一直玩到太阳下山, 那时天下起雨来了。
