英语句子结构2
发布网友
发布时间:2023-09-23 19:36
我来回答
共2个回答
热心网友
时间:2024-11-20 04:44
句子的成分
在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语等
(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如:
1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist.
陈同志是著名的科学家。(名词作主语)
2. He reads newspapers every day .
他每天读报。(代词作主语)
3. Smoking is harmful to the health .
吸烟对健康有害。(动名词作主语)
4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure .
在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。(不定式作主语)
5. What we shall do next is not yet decided .
下一步我们做什么还没定下来。(主语从句作主语)
(二)谓语
说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
如:His parents are teachers .
(系动词和表语一起作谓语)
We study hard . (行为动词作谓语)
We have finished reading the book.
(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
He can speak English .
(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
(三)宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语)
She said (that)she felt sick. (宾语从句做动词宾语)
We often help him. (代词作宾语)
He likes to play basketball.
他喜欢打篮球。(不定式作宾语)
We enjoy listening to the music.
我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可做动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语。
说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。
不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟,如:give , show (给…看),bring , pass , buy 等。如:
1. Our teacher told us a story .
(us为间接宾语)a story为直接宾语。
2. The sun gives us light and warmth.
(us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语)
3. We sent him a telegram.
我们给他打了电报。
(him为间接宾语,a telegram为直接宾语)
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下,
间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , leave (留给), hand (交给), tell , return , write , throw (仍)promise(答应)refuse(拒绝)等。
for的有:make , buy , do , get , play (演奏),order (命令),sing , pay (为…交钱)
例如:
(1)I gave him a book.
改成:I gave a book to him.
(2)He passed me the book. (他将书递给我)
改成:He passed the book to me.
(3)He wrote me a letter.
改成:He wrote a letter to me.
(4)He will buy me some books.
改成:He will buy some books for me.
(5)She made me a cake.
改成:She made a cake to me.
( 四)宾语补足语:
在某些及物动词后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式,分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如:They made her happy . (形容词)
I saw her dance. (不定式)
We’ll help make the Olympics a success. (名词)
Please let him in . (副词)
We heard her singing a song. (分词短语)
(五)表语:
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词,不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如:I am a teacher . (名词)
He is always happy. (形容词)
They are on the playground now. (介词短语)
It gets cold. (形容词)
系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get(变得),sound(听起来),seem(看起来)feel等特殊的词。
如:It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
(六)定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The black bike is mine. (形容词)
这辆黑色的自行车是我的。
What’s your name ? (代词)
They made paper flowers. (名词)
说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语
如:I tell him something interesting .
我告诉他一些有趣的事情。
(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)
He has something to do .
他有一些事情去做(to do 为不定式作后置定语)
说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four.
这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。
in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。
(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
如:He did it carefully . (副词)
We often help him. (副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . (介词短语)
When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . (从句作时间状语
热心网友
时间:2024-11-20 04:45
从结构上看,英语句子可分为三类:简单句、并列句、复合句。
一、简单句:只有一个主谓结构而且句子的各个成分均用单词或短语表示。需要强调的是,"一个主谓结构"是指只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分,主语部分可以有一个或多个并列的主语,谓语部分可以有一个或多个并列谓语。例:
Poor health and lack of money may both be barriers to ecational progress.(并列主语)
We will always unite, fight and win victories together. (并列谓语)
二、并列句:两个或多个相互独立的主谓结构用并列连词串联起来就成为并列句。例:
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
We must double our efforts, or we'll never be able to catch up with the others.
比较:1. He lives in the country and goes to work by car.
2. He lives in the country and he goes to work by car.
句1为简单句,有一个主语和两个并列谓语。句2为并列句,拿掉连词 and前后两部分仍然独立存在。
三、复合句:由主句和从句组成的句子叫复合句。复合句中至少要有一个主句,从句的数量则没有*。例:
Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater degree than deer do.
划线部分为主句,that hibernate为定语从句,than deer do为比较状语从句。
另外,在英语长句中我们经常看到由并列句和复合句组合起来的句子,有些语法学家将之称作并列复合句。并列复合句的结构是:几个并列的分句中至少有一个是复合句。例:
a. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproce and to survive.
划线的and连接两个并列的分句。分句2由主句life becomes possible和时间从句only when food is converted into energy 组成。另外,在分句2中which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词energy。
b. Somewhere or other—I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan—Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern crelity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round.
划线的and连接两个并列的分句。 另外,这两个分句都是主从复合句:前者由主句Bernard Shaw remarks和that引导的宾语从句组成, 而宾语从句又是由主句we are more gullible and superstitious today和比较状语从句than we were in the Middle Ages组成。后者由主句he cites the widespread belief和同位语从句that the earth is round组成。
根据以上分析可以看出:在一个英语句子中,分句与分句、主句与从句、从句与从句之间都必须用并列连词或从属连词连接。但下列句子不遵守这一规则:
1. 两个关系密切的句子间 (常见的为因果关系,通常用逗号或分号隔开):
Hurry up, it's getting late.
It was getting dark; she must go back.
2. 插入语 句子中间插入或末尾加上一句话表示征求对方的意见(a)或表明自己的看法(b):
(a) What do you think I should do?
That's a better solution, don't you think?
(b) This, I think, was mainly e to our lack of experience.
3. 其它独立成分
We are firm on this point, we are! (表示强调)
"You are welcome," the girl said. (表明直接引语的出处)
4. 反意问句
You have nothing against it, have you?
Have a little more coffee, will you?
句子分析是学习英语的一个重要手段,它能使我们正确理解句子,使自己应用语言时不至于犯结构上的错误。然而,语言是不断变化的,正式文本中被认为是错误的东西放在非正式文本中则是可行的,今天被认为不符合语法规则的东西说不定将来就会被认可。句子分析是必要的,但要适可而止,因为没有必要进行过细的分析,有时甚至做不到。只要能掌握句子的主要结构并能正确理解就行,不必根据几个句型对所有句子进行分类。