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共2个回答
懂视网 时间:2022-05-01 13:35
SQL Server 数据库的高级操作
(1) 批处理
(2) 变量
(3) 逻辑控制
(4) 函数
(5) 高级查询
*/
(1)批处理
将多条SQL语句作为一个整体去编译,生成一个执行计划,然后,执行!
理解批处理的关键在于"编译",对于由多条语句组成的一个批处理,
如果在编译时,其中,有一条出现语法错误,将会导致编译失败!
create table
t
(
a int,
b int
)
-- 注释
-- 如果多行注释中包含了批处理的标识符go
-- 在编译的过程中代码将会被go分割成多个部分来分批编译
-- 多行注释的标记将会被分隔而导致编译出错
-- 以下几条语句是三个非常经典的批处理
-- 你猜一下会添加几条记录!
/*
insert into t values (1,1)
go
*/
insert into t values (2,2)
go
/*
insert into t values (3,3)
*/
go
-- 查询看添加了几条记录
select * from t
truncate table t
(2)变量
-- 全局变量
SQL Server中全局变量由系统定义、系统维护,用户一般仅可对其进行读取!
-- 查看SQL Server版本
print @@version
-- 服务器名称
print @@servername
-- 系统错误编号
insert into t values (‘a‘,‘a‘)
print @@error
insert into t
values (‘a‘,‘a‘)
if @@error = 245
print ‘Error‘
-- SQL Server
版本的语言信息
print @@LANGUAGE
-- 一周的第一天从星期几算起
print @@datefirst
-- CPU 执行命令所耗费时间的累加
print @@cpu_busy
-- 获取最近添加的标识列的值
create table tt
(
a int identity(3, 10),
b int
)
insert into tt (b) values (1)
print @@identity
select * from tt
-- 局部变量
局部变量由用户定义,仅可在同一个批处理中调用和访问
declare
@intAge tinyint
set @intAge = 12
print @intAge
declare
@strName varchar(12)
select @strName = ‘state‘
print @strName
select au_lname, @strName from authors
(3)逻辑控制
-- IF条件判断
declare @i int
set @i = 12
if (@i > 10)
begin -- {
print ‘Dadadada!‘
print ‘Dadadada!‘
end -- }
else
begin
print ‘XiaoXiao!‘
print ‘XiaoXiao!‘
end
-- While循环控制
declare @i int;
set @i = 12;
print @i
return;
while (@i < 18)
begin
print @i;
set @i = @i + 1;
if @i < 17
continue;
if @i > 15
break;
end;
-- CASE 分支判断
select au_lname, state, ‘犹他州‘ from
authors where state = ‘UT‘
select au_lname, state, ‘密西西比州‘ from
authors where state = ‘MI‘
select au_lname, state, ‘肯塔基州‘ from
authors where state = ‘KS‘
select
au_lname, state,
case state
when ‘UT‘ then ‘犹他州‘
when ‘MI‘ then ‘密西西比州‘
when ‘KS‘ then ‘肯塔基州‘
when ‘CA‘ then ‘加利福利亚‘
else state
end
from authors
(4.1)系统函数
-- 获取指定字符串中左起第一个字符的ASC码
print ascii(‘ABCDEF‘)
-- 根据给定的ASC码获取相应的字符
print char(65)
-- 获取给定字符串的长度
print len(‘abcdef‘)
-- 大小写转换
print lower(‘ABCDEF‘)
print upper(‘abcdef‘)
-- 去空格
print ltrim(‘ abcd dfd df ‘)
print rtrim(‘ abcd dfd df ‘)
-- 求绝对值
print abs(-12)
-- 幂
-- 3 的 2 次方
print power(3,2)
print power(3,3)
-- 随机数
-- 0 - 1000 之间的随机数
print rand() * 1000
-- 获取圆周率
print pi()
-- 获取系统时间
print getdate()
-- 获取3天前的时间
print dateadd(day, -3 , getdate())
-- 获取3天后的时间
print dateadd(day, 3 , getdate())
-- 获取3年前的时间
print dateadd(year, -3 , getdate())
-- 获取3年后的时间
print dateadd(year, 3 , getdate())
-- 获取3月后的时间
print dateadd(month, 3 , getdate())
-- 获取9小时后的时间
print dateadd(hour, 9 , getdate())
-- 获取9分钟后的时间
print dateadd(minute, 9 , getdate())
-- 获取指定时间之间相隔多少年
print datediff(year, ‘2005-01-01‘, ‘2008-01-01‘)
-- 获取指定时间之间相隔多少月
print datediff(month, ‘2005-01-01‘, ‘2008-01-01‘)
-- 获取指定时间之间相隔多少天
print datediff(day, ‘2005-01-01‘, ‘2008-01-01‘)
-- 字符串合并
print ‘abc‘ + ‘def‘
print ‘abcder‘
print ‘abc‘ +
‘456‘
print ‘abc‘ + 456
-- 类型转换
print ‘abc‘ + convert(varchar(10), 456)
select
title_id, type, price from titles
-- 字符串连接必须保证类型一致(以下语句执行将会出错)
-- 类型转换
select title_id + type + price from titles
-- 正确
select title_id + type + convert(varchar(10), price) from titles
print ‘123‘ +
convert(varchar(3), 123)
print ‘123‘ + ‘123‘
print convert(varchar(12), ‘2005-09-01‘,110)
-- 获取指定时间的特定部分
print year(getdate())
print month(getdate())
print day(getdate())
-- 获取指定时间的特定部分
print datepart(year, getdate())
print datepart(month, getdate())
print datepart(day, getdate())
print datepart(hh, getdate())
print datepart(mi, getdate())
print datepart(ss, getdate())
print datepart(ms, getdate())
-- 获取指定时间的间隔部分
-- 返回跨两个指定日期的日期和时间边界数
print datediff(year, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
print datediff(month, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
print datediff(day, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
print datediff(hour, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
print datediff(mi, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
print datediff(ss, ‘2001-01-01‘, ‘2008-08-08‘)
-- 在向指定日期加上一段时间的基础上,返回新的 datetime 值
print dateadd(year, 5, getdate())
print dateadd(month, 5, getdate())
print dateadd(day, 5, getdate())
print dateadd(hour, 5, getdate())
print dateadd(mi, 5, getdate())
print dateadd(ss, 5, getdate())
-- 其他
print host_id()
print host_name()
print db_id(‘pubs‘)
print db_name(5)
-- 利用系统函数作为默认值约束
drop table ttt
create table
ttt
(
stu_name varchar(12),
stu_birthday datetime default (getdate())
)
alter table
ttt
add constraint df_ttt_stu_birthday default (getdate()) for stu_birthday
insert into
ttt values (‘ANiu‘, ‘2005-04-01‘)
insert into ttt values (‘ANiu‘, getdate())
insert into ttt values (‘AZhu‘, default)
sp_help ttt
select * from ttt
(4.2)自定义函数
select
title_id
from titles
where type = ‘business‘
select
stuff(title_id,1,3,‘ABB‘), type
from titles
where type = ‘business‘
select
count(title_id) from titles where type = ‘business‘
select title_id from titles where type = ‘business‘
select *,count(dbo.titleauthor.title_id)
FROM dbo.authors INNER JOIN
dbo.titleauthor ON dbo.authors.au_id = dbo.titleauthor.au_id
select au_id,
count(title_id)
from titleauthor
group by au_id
SELECT
dbo.authors.au_id, COUNT(dbo.titleauthor.title_id) AS ‘作品数量‘
FROM dbo.authors left outer JOIN
dbo.titleauthor ON dbo.authors.au_id =
dbo.titleauthor.au_id
GROUP BY dbo.authors.au_id
order by ‘作品数量‘
-- 自定义函数的引子(通过这个子查询来引入函数的作用)
-- 子查询
-- 统计每个作者的作品数
-- 将父查询中的作者编号传入子查询
-- 作为查询条件利用聚合函数count统计其作品数量
select au_lname,
(select count(title_id)
from titleauthor as ta
where ta.au_id = a.au_id
) as TitleCount
from authors as a
order by TitleCount
-- 是否可以定义一个函数
-- 将作者编号作为参数统计其作品数量并将其返回
select au_id, au_lname, dbo.GetTitleCountByAuID(au_id) as TitleCount
from authors
order by TitleCount
-- 根据给定的作者编号获取其相应的作品数量
create function GetTitleCountByAuID(@au_id varchar(12))
returns int
begin
return (select count(title_id)
from titleauthor
where au_id = @au_id)
end
-- 利用函数来显示每个作者的作品数量
create proc pro_CalTitleCount
as
select au_id, au_lname, dbo.GetTitleCountByAuID(au_id) as TitleCount
from authors
order by TitleCount
go
-- 执行存储过程
execute pro_CalTitleCount
-- vb中函数定义格式
function GetTitleCountByAuID(au_id as string) as integer
.......
GetTitleCountByAuID
= ?
end function
-- SALES 作品销售信息
select * from sales
-- 根据书籍编号查询其销售记录(其中,qty 表示销量)
select * from sales where title_id = ‘BU1032‘
-- 根据书籍编号统计其总销售量(其中,qty 表示销量)
select sum(qty) from sales where title_id = ‘BU1032‘
-- 利用分组语句(group by),根据书籍编号统计每本书总销售量(其中,qty 表示销量)
select title_id, sum(qty) from sales group by title_id
-- 是否可以考虑定义一个函数根据书籍编号来计算其总销售量
-- 然后,将其应用到任何一条包含了书籍编号的查询语句中
select title_id, title, dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(title_id) as TotalSales
from titles
order by TotalSales
-- 定义一个函数根据书籍编号来计算其总销售量
create function GetTotalSaleByTitleID(@tid varchar(24))
returns int
begin
return(select sum(qty) from sales where title_id = @tid)
end
-- 统计书籍销量的前10位
-- 其中,可以利用函数计算结果的别名作为排序子句的参照列
select top 10 title_id, title, dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(title_id) as
TotalSales
from titles
order by TotalSales desc
-- 根据书籍编号计算其销量排名
create function GetTheRankOfTitle(@id varchar(20))
returns int
begin
return(select count(TotalSales)
from titles
where ToalSales >(
select TotalSales
from titles
where title_id=@id))
end
-- 根据书籍编号计算其销量排名
select dbo.GetTheRankOfTitle(‘pc1035‘) from titles
select
count(title_id) + 1
from titles
where dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(title_id) >
dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(‘pc1035‘)
-- 删除函数
drop function GetRankByTitleId
-- 根据书籍编号计算其销量排名
create function GetRankByTitleId(@tid varchar(24))
returns int
begin
return (select count(title_id) + 1
from titles
where dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(title_id) >
dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(@tid))
end
-- 在查询语句中利用函数统计每本书的总销量和总排名
select title_id, title,
dbo.GetTotalSaleByTitleID(title_id) as TotalSales,
dbo.GetRankByTitleId(title_id) as TotalRank
from titles
order by TotalSales desc
-- 查看表结构
sp_help titles
-- 查看存储过程的定义内容
sp_helptext GetRankByTitleId
sp_helptext sp_helptext
sp_helptext xp_cmdshell
-- [ORDER DETAILS] 订单详细信息
select * from [order details]
select * from [order details] where productid = 23
-- 根据产品编号在订单详细信息表中统计总销售量
select sum(quantity) from [order details] where productid = 23
-- 构造一个函数根据产品编号在订单详细信息表中统计总销售量
create function GetTotalSaleByPID(@Pid varchar(12))
returns int
begin
return(select sum(quantity) from [order details] where productid = @Pid)
end
select * from products
-- 在产品表中查询,统计每一样产品的总销量
select productid, productname, dbo.GetTotalSaleByPID(productid) from products
--
CREATE FUNCTION LargeOrderShippers ( @FreightParm money )
RETURNS @OrderShipperTab TABLE
(
ShipperID int,
ShipperName nvarchar(80),
OrderID int,
ShippedDate datetime,
Freight money
)
AS
BEGIN
INSERT @OrderShipperTab
SELECT S.ShipperID, S.CompanyName,
O.OrderID, O.ShippedDate, O.Freight
FROM Shippers AS S INNER JOIN Orders
AS O
ON S.ShipperID = O.ShipVia
WHERE O.Freight > @FreightParm
RETURN
END
SELECT * FROM LargeOrderShippers( $500 )
-- 根据作者编号计算其所得版权费
create function fun_RoyalTyper ( @au_id id)
returns int
as
begin
declare @rt int
select @rt = sum(royaltyper) from titleauthor where au_id = @au_id
return (@rt)
end
go
select top 1
au_lname, au_fname, dbo.fun_RoyalTyper(au_id) as ‘版权费‘
from authors
order by dbo.fun_RoyalTyper(au_id) desc
go
create
function fun_MaxRoyalTyper_Au_id ()
returns id
as
begin
declare @au_id id
select @au_id = au_id
from authors
order by dbo.fun_RoyalTyper(au_id)
return(@au_id)
end
go
select
dbo.fun_MaxRoyalTyper_Au_id()
go
select au_lname, au_fname, dbo.fun_RoyalTyper(au_id) as ‘版权税‘
from authors
where au_id = dbo.fun_MaxRoyalTyper_Au_id()
go
(5)高级查询
select title_id, price from titles
-- 查找最高价格
select max(price) from titles
-- 查找最贵书籍的价格(排序),如果存在多本价格最贵的书,此方法将会遗漏
select top 1 title_id, price
from titles
order by price desc
-- 查找最贵书籍的价格(子查询)
select title_id, price
from titles
where price = (select max(price) from titles)
-- 查询指定出版社出版的书(连接)
select p.pub_name as ‘出版社‘, t.title as
‘书籍名称‘
from publishers as p join titles as t on p.pub_id = t.pub_id
where pub_name = ‘New Moon Books‘
-- 查询指定出版社出版的书(子查询)
select title
from titles
where pub_id = (select pub_id
from publishers
where pub_name = ‘New Moon Books‘)
-- 查询指定出版社出版的书(分开查询)
select title from titles where pub_id = ‘0736‘
select pub_id
from publishers
where pub_name = ‘New Moon Books‘
-- 重点
-- 理解相关子查询的基础
--
select * from titles where type = ‘business‘
select * from titles where type = ‘business123‘
select * from titles where 1 = 1
-- 在订单表中寻找满足以下条件的订单编号以及相应的客户编号
-- 在详细订单表中存在对应的订单编号并且其中包含产品编号为23的产品
-- 然后将产品编号为23的产品订购量返回判断是否大于20
USE northwind
SELECT
orderid, customerid
FROM orders AS or1
WHERE 20 < (SELECT quantity FROM [order details] AS od
WHERE
or1.orderid = od.orderid
AND od.productid = 23)
GO
SELECT
au_lname, au_fname
FROM authors
WHERE 100 IN
(
SELECT royaltyper FROM titleauthor
WHERE titleauthor.au_ID = authors.au_id
)
select authors.au_lname,authors.au_fname
from authors join titleauthor on titleauthor.au_ID=authors.au_id
where titleauthor.royaltyper =100
USE pubs
SELECT
au_lname, au_fname
FROM authors
WHERE au_id IN
(SELECT au_id
FROM titleauthor
WHERE title_id IN
(SELECT title_id
FROM titles
WHERE type = ‘popular_comp‘))
select
distinct t.type, a.au_lname, a.au_fname
from authors as a join titleauthor as ta on a.au_id = ta.au_id
join titles as t on ta.title_id = t.title_id
where t.type = ‘business‘
-- 查找类型为‘business‘或是‘trad_cook‘类型的书籍
select * from titles where type = ‘business‘
select * from titles where type = ‘trad_cook‘
-- 查找类型为‘business‘或是‘trad_cook‘类型的书籍(Or)
select * from titles
where type = ‘business‘ or type = ‘trad_cook‘
-- 查找类型为‘business‘或是‘trad_cook‘类型的书籍(In)
select * from titles
where type in (‘business‘, ‘trad_cook‘)
-- 查找来自‘KS‘或是‘UT‘的作者
select au_lname, state from authors
where state = ‘KS‘
select au_lname, state from authors
where state = ‘UT‘
-- 查找来自‘KS‘或是‘UT‘的作者(Or)
select au_lname, state from authors
where state = ‘UT‘ or state = ‘KS‘
-- 查找来自‘KS‘或是‘UT‘的作者(In)
select au_lname, state from authors
where state in (‘UT‘, ‘KS‘)
select
au_lname, state from authors
where state not in (‘UT‘, ‘KS‘)
-- 查找出版了类型为‘business‘类型的书籍的出版社
SELECT pub_id FROM titles WHERE type = ‘business‘
SELECT
pub_id,pub_name
FROM publishers
WHERE pub_id IN (‘1389‘, ‘0736‘)
-- 查找出版了类型为‘business‘类型的书籍的出版社(In和子查询)
SELECT pub_id,pub_name
FROM publishers
WHERE pub_id IN
(SELECT pub_id
FROM titles
WHERE type = ‘business‘)
SELECT title,
advance
FROM titles
WHERE advance >
(
SELECT MAX(advance)
FROM publishers INNER JOIN titles ON
titles.pub_id = publishers.pub_id
WHERE pub_name = ‘Algodata Infosystems‘
)
SELECT title, advance
FROM titles
WHERE advance > all
(
SELECT advance
FROM publishers INNER JOIN titles ON
titles.pub_id = publishers.pub_id
WHERE pub_name = ‘Algodata Infosystems‘
and advance is not null
)
declare @i int
set @i = 12
if @i < null
print ‘DDDDD‘
else
print ‘XXXXX‘
SELECT
advance
FROM publishers INNER JOIN titles ON
titles.pub_id = publishers.pub_id
WHERE pub_name = ‘Algodata Infosystems‘
select title_id, price from titles
where price > all
(
select price from titles where type = ‘business‘
)
select
title_id, price from titles
where price >
(
select max(price) from titles where type = ‘business‘
)
select
title_id, price from titles
where price > any
(
select price from titles where type = ‘business‘
)
select
title_id, price from titles
where price >
(
select min(price) from titles where type = ‘business‘
)
select price from titles where type = ‘business‘
if exists(select * from titles where type = ‘123‘)
print ‘ZZZZZ‘
else
print ‘BBBBB‘
if
exists(select * from authors
where city = ‘Berkeley‘
and state =‘UT‘)
print ‘Welcome‘
else
print ‘Bye-Bye‘
-- 筛选出‘business‘以及‘trad_cook‘类型的书籍(联合查询)
select title_id, type from titles where type = ‘business‘
union
select title_id, type from titles where type = ‘trad_cook‘
-- 统计‘business‘类型的书籍的总价(联合查询)
select title, price from titles where type = ‘business‘
union
select ‘合计:‘, sum(price) from titles where type = ‘business‘
-- 统计所有书籍的类型剔除重复(Distinct)
select distinct type from titles
-- 作者记录的复制(Select Into)
select * into au from authors
select * from au
-- 查看数据表结构(Select Into并没有对数据表的约束进行复制)
sp_help authors
sp_help au
-- 分页(子查询的经典应用之一)
-- Jobs 职务信息表(pubs 数据库)
-- 在实际项目中,显示职务信息时,而职务信息量非常庞大,可能需要将其分为若干个页面来显示
-- 比如:每页显示4条记录,那么,第一页将显示1,2,3,4,第二页将显示5,6,7,8。。。。。
-- 显示所有信息
SELECT * FROM jobs
-- 显示前 4 信息
select top 4 * from jobs
-- 显示前 8 信息
select top 8 * from jobs
-- 显示前 12 信息
select top 12 * from jobs
-- 寻找规律,每一页的信息源于前(页面大小 * 页码)条信息的反序结果的前 页面大小 条记录
-- 比如:第二页就是前 8 条记录的反序结果的前 4 条
select top 4 *
from (select top 8 * from jobs) as tt
order by job_id desc
-- 当然,对于期望按升序显示查询结果的要求可以对查询结果进行再次排序
select * from
(select top 4 *
from (select top 8 * from jobs) as tt
order by job_id desc) as stt
order by job_id
-- SQL 命令中不支持在 select 的查询列表中直接使用局部变量
-- 比如:select top @PageSize * from jobs
-- 那么,可以考虑对sql命令进行拼装,然后,利用系统存储过程 sp_executesql 来执行
exec sp_executesql N‘Select * from jobs‘
-- 存储过程的实现
-- 其中,@CurrentPageSize用于确定最后一页的页面大小
create proc proGetJobsByPage
@CurrentPageSize int,
@PageSize int,
@CurrentPage int
as
Declare @strSql nvarchar(400)
set @strSql = ‘select * from
(select top ‘ + convert(nvarchar(4), @CurrentPageSize) + ‘ *
from (select top ‘ + convert(nvarchar(4),(@PageSize *
@CurrentPage)) + ‘ * from jobs) as tt
order by job_id desc) as stt
order by job_id‘
exec sp_executesql @strSql
go
-- 测试
exec proGetJobsByPage 2, 4, 4
(6)存储过程
-- 扩展存储过程
-- 查询系统目录下文件信息
xp_cmdshell ‘dir *.*‘
-- 启动Windows系统服务
xp_cmdshell ‘net start iisadmin‘
(7)游标
-- 游标的五个基本操作步骤:
-- 声明
declare cur_titles cursor
for select title, price from titles
-- 打开
open cur_titles
-- 提取
fetch cur_titles
fetch next from cur_titles
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
-- 利用游标遍历所有书籍信息,通过冒泡排序法进行比较,找出最高价格的书
-- 这一段为批处理版
-- 与批处理版相比,存储过程版更方便调试以及代码的重用
-- 声明
declare cur_titles cursor
for select title, price from titles
-- 打开
open cur_titles
declare
@title varchar(80)
declare @price numeric(9,4)
declare
@title_temp varchar(80)
declare @price_temp numeric(9,4)
-- 提取
fetch cur_titles into @title, @price
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
while
@@fetch_status = 0
begin
if @price < @price_temp
begin
set @price = @price_temp
set @title = @title_temp
end
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
end
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
-- 显示处理结果
print ‘最贵的书是: ‘ + @title + ‘ ‘ + ‘价格是: ‘ + convert(varchar(12),@price)
go
-- 定义一个存储过程
-- 利用游标遍历所有书籍信息,通过冒泡排序法进行比较,找出最高价格的书(游标具体应用的经典)
-- 这段存储过程的实现代码相对下面的实现方式略有不同
-- 代码重复,但是思路更清晰
create procedure pro_GetMaxTitle
as
-- 声明
declare cur_titles cursor
for select title, price from titles
-- 打开
open cur_titles
-- 存储最贵的书籍信息
declare @title varchar(80)
declare @price numeric(9,4)
-- 存储从游标中提取出来的书籍的信息
declare @title_temp varchar(80)
declare @price_temp numeric(9,4)
-- 提取
fetch cur_titles into @title, @price
-- 判断是否存在书籍信息
if @@fetch_status <> 0
begin
print ‘没有书籍信息!‘
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
-- 结束存储过程
return
end
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
-- 判断是否只存在一本书
if @@fetch_status <> 0
begin
-- 显示处理结果
print ‘最贵的书是: ‘ + @title
+ ‘ ‘ + ‘价格是: ‘ +
convert(varchar(12),@price)
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
-- 结束存储过程
return
end
while @@fetch_status = 0
begin
if @price < @price_temp
begin
set @price = @price_temp
set @title = @title_temp
end
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
end
-- 显示处理结果
print ‘最贵的书是: ‘ + @title + ‘ ‘ + ‘价格是: ‘ + convert(varchar(12),@price)
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
go
-- 定义一个存储过程
-- 利用游标遍历所有书籍信息,通过冒泡排序法进行比较,找出最高价格的书
-- 相对上面的实现方式,以下实现方式更简洁
create procedure pro_GetMaxTitle
as
-- 声明
declare cur_titles cursor
for select title, price from titles
-- 打开
open cur_titles
-- 存储最贵的书籍信息
declare @title varchar(80)
declare @price numeric(9,4)
-- 存储从游标中提取出来的书籍的信息
declare @title_temp varchar(80)
declare @price_temp numeric(9,4)
-- 提取
fetch cur_titles into @title, @price
-- 判断是否存在书籍信息
if @@fetch_status = 0
begin
print ‘没有书籍信息!‘
goto errNoTitles
end
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
-- 判断是否只存在一本书
if @@fetch_status = 0
begin
goto errOnlyOne
end
while @@fetch_status = 0
begin
if @price < @price_temp
begin
set @price = @price_temp
set @title = @title_temp
end
fetch cur_titles into @title_temp, @price_temp
end
errOnlyOne:
-- 显示处理结果
print ‘最贵的书是: ‘ + @title + ‘ ‘ + ‘价格是: ‘ + convert(varchar(12),@price)
errNoTitles:
-- 关闭
close cur_titles
-- 释放
deallocate cur_titles
go
-- 根据作者编号查看其相应的作品年销售量
-- 低于5000,提示: 销售量太低
-- 高于5000,提示: 销售量太高
create procedure pro_sales_avg (@au_id id)
as
if exists(select au_id from authors where au_id = @au_id)
begin
declare TempSales cursor
for
select title, ytd_sales
from titleauthor ta join titles t
on ta.title_id = t.title_id
where au_id = @au_id
open TempSales
declare @t varchar(80)
declare @y int
fetch TempSales
into @t, @y
while
@@fetch_status = 0
begin
if 5000 > @y
print @t + ‘ ‘ + convert(varchar(5),@y) + ‘ 销售量太低‘
else
print @t + ‘ ‘ + convert(varchar(5),@y) + ‘ 销售量太高‘
fetch TempSales
into @t, @y
end
close TempSales
deallocate TempSales
end
else
print ‘作者编号无效!‘
go
exec pro_sales_avg ‘213-46-8915‘
/*
示例
A. 使用简单游标和语法
打开该游标时所生成的结果集包括 pubs 数据库的 authors 表中的所有行和列。可以更新该游标,对该游标所做的所有更新和删除均在提取中表现出来。因为没指定 SCROLL 选项,FETCH NEXT 是唯一可用的提取选项。
*/
DECLARE
authors_cursor CURSOR
FOR
SELECT * FROM authors
OPEN authors_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM authors_cursor
/*
B. 使用嵌套游标生成报表输出
下例显示如何嵌套游标以生成复杂的报表。为每个作者声明内部游标。
*/
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE
@au_id varchar(11), @au_fname varchar(20), @au_lname varchar(40),
@message varchar(80), @title varchar(80)
PRINT "-------- Utah Authors report --------"
DECLARE
authors_cursor CURSOR
FOR
SELECT au_id, au_fname, au_lname
FROM authors
WHERE state = "UT"
ORDER BY au_id
OPEN authors_cursor
FETCH NEXT
FROM authors_cursor
INTO @au_id, @au_fname, @au_lname
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS
= 0
BEGIN
PRINT " "
SELECT @message = "----- Books by Author: " +
@au_fname + " " + @au_lname
PRINT @message
-- Declare an inner cursor based
-- on au_id from the outer cursor.
DECLARE titles_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT t.title
FROM titleauthor ta, titles t
WHERE ta.title_id = t.title_id AND
ta.au_id = @au_id -- Variable value from the outer
cursor
OPEN titles_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM titles_cursor INTO @title
IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0
PRINT "
<<No Books>>"
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
SELECT @message =
" " + @title
PRINT @message
FETCH NEXT FROM titles_cursor INTO @title
END
CLOSE titles_cursor
DEALLOCATE titles_cursor
-- Get the next author.
FETCH NEXT FROM authors_cursor
INTO @au_id, @au_fname, @au_lname
END
CLOSE
authors_cursor
DEALLOCATE authors_cursor
GO
-------- Utah Authors report
--------
----- Books by Author: Anne Ringer
The Gourmet Microwave
Is Anger the Enemy?
----- Books by Author: Albert Ringer
Is Anger the Enemy?
Life Without Fear
(8)触发器
-- 设定数据库的递归触发器
alter database pubs
set recursive_triggers on
go
-- 创建数据表,并设定主键、外键以及缺省约束
create table emp_mgr
(
Emp char(30) primary key,
Mgr char(30) null foreign key references emp_mgr(Emp),
NoOfReports int default 0
)
go
-- 创建插入触发器
create trigger emp_marins
on emp_mgr
for insert
as
declare @e char(30),@m char(30)
declare cur_mgr cursor for
select emp_mgr.emp
from emp_mgr,inserted
where emp_mgr.emp = inserted.mgr
open cur_mgr
fetch next from cur_mgr into @e
while
@@fetch_status = 0
begin
update emp_mgr
set emp_mgr.NoOfReports = emp_mgr.NoOfReports + 1
where emp_mgr.emp = @e
fetch next from cur_mgr into @e
end
close cur_mgr
deallocate cur_mgr
go
-- 查看数据表相关触发器
sp_helptrigger emp_mgr
go
create trigger emp_mgrupd
on emp_mgr
for update
as
if update (mgr)
begin
update emp_mgr
set emp_mgr.NoOfReports = emp_mgr.NoofReports + 1
from inserted
where emp_mgr.emp = inserted.mgr
update emp_mgr
set emp_mgr.NoOfReports = emp_mgr.NoOfReports -1
from deleted
where emp_mgr.emp = deleted.mgr
end
go
insert emp_mgr(emp,mgr) values (‘Harry‘,null)
insert emp_mgr(emp,mgr) values (‘Alice‘,‘Harry‘)
insert emp_mgr(emp,mgr) values (‘Paul‘,‘Alice‘)
insert emp_mgr(emp,mgr) values (‘Joe‘,‘Alice‘)
insert emp_mgr(emp,mgr) values (‘Dave‘,‘Joe‘)
go
select * from
emp_mgr
go
update
emp_mgr
set mgr = ‘Harry‘
where emp = ‘Dave‘
go
select * from
emp_mgr
go
SQL宝典
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热心网友 时间:2022-05-01 10:43
《SQL宝典》是美国克力吉尔于2003年所著的一本SQL数据库参考书。其主要内容包括:SQL的基本概念和原理、创建和修改数据库对象、数据操作和事务控制、检索和转换数据、利用系统目录来实现安全、超越SQL:过程化程序设计和数据库访问机制等内容。附录中介绍了本书附带光盘的内容及大量的对读者极有价值的参考资料。 它包含了经核准的最新的SQL规范SQL99,以它的标准格式,可以把本书中的代码和技术应用到来自任何主要开发商的SQL数据库中,这些数据库包括Microsoft SQL Server,Oracle以及IBM DB2。