急!用英文简述电脑发展史
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发布时间：2022-05-04 13:33
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热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 11:40
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was proctive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.
参考资料：http://tdi.uregina.ca/~complit/comphist.htm
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 11:41
in 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard has made the improvement to loom's design, he used a series of punch paper card to take the knitting complex design the procere. Jacquard type loom, although was not considered that is a genuine computer, but its appearance is truly in the modern computer developing process important one step. Charles Babbidge (Charles Babbage) is devises and designs one completely programmable computer's first person, at that time was in 1820. But as a result of the engineering factor, the funds limit, as well as is unable to enre patiently to patching which designs does not stop, this computer has not been able to come out throughout in his rest of the year. Approximately to the 19th century later period, many were proven afterward that has the great significance technology to the computer science to appear one after another, including punched card as well as vacuum tube. Hermann Hollerith has designed the machine which a scheling uses, has realized the application punched card large-scale automatic data processing.
In the first half of 20th century, to cater to the science computation the need, many special purposes and deepen the complex analog computer to develop unceasingly. These computers are the specific question machinery which or the electronic model aims at with them take the computation foundation. The 20th century 30-40 ages, computer's performance was formidable graally, and the versatility obtained the promotion, the modern computer's essential characteristic is joined unceasingly. the 1937 year (Claude Shannon) has published his great paper by Chrowder · Aier Wood · Shannon "to Relay And In Switching circuit's Symbolic analysis", in the article mentions the digit electronic technology for the first time the application. He had demonstrated to the people how to use the switch to realize logic and mathematics operation. Hereafter, he through studied Vannevar Bush the differential simulator to further consolidate his idea. This is one symbolizes the binary system electronic circuit design and the logical gate application start significant instant, but takes the pioneer who these key ideas are born, must include: Almon Strowger, he was one includes the logical gate equipment to apply for the patent; Nicolay Tesla (Nikola Tesla), he as early as once applied in 1898 to include the logical gate electric circuit equipment; Lee De Forest, he used the vacuum tube in 1907 to replace the relay.
Commodore Corporation the Amiga 500 computers which proces in the 20th century the 80s endless long-distance defines so-called “the first electronic accounting machine” along this kind of high and low seeking quite to be difficult. on May 12, 1941, Konrad Zuse has completed his mechanical and electrical sharing equipment “Z3”, this is first has the automatic binary system mathematical computation characteristic as well as the feasible programming function computer, but is not “the electron” the computer. In addition, other are noteworthy the achievement which mainly to have: in 1941 was born in the summer the Atanasuofu - shell auspicious computer was in the world the first electronic accounting machine, it has used the vacuum tube calculator, the binary value, but multiplying memory; In Britain in 1943 the mystical great elephant computer which demonstrated (Colossus computer), although programming ability is extremely limited, but it indeed told the people to use the vacuum tube both to be worth trusting and can realize the electrification again programming; Harvard University's Harvard Mark I; As well as based on binary system “Egyptian Nepal Acher” (ENIAC,1944 year), this is the first general intention computer, but because its structural design insufficient elastification, causes to it each time to program again means the electricity physical circuit's again connection.
Developed the Egyptian Nepal Acre's group to further consummate the design in view of its flaw, and presented Feng · who finally we knew very well today the Nuoyiman structure (procere memory architecture). This system possesses computer's foundation now. In the 1940s the mid and late stage, started based on this system's computer to develop in large numbers, by Britain most early. What although the first development completes and the be operated is “the small scale testing aircraft” (Small-Scale Experimental Machine, SSEM), but is developed practical machine very possible is EDSAC truly. in entire the 1950s, the vacuum tube computer resided in the dominant status. on September 12, 1958 in Robert Noyce (INTEL Corporation's founders) under the leadership, has invented the integrated circuit. Soon has promoted the microprocessor. from 1959 the computer which to 1964 designed is been called generally the second generation of computer.
To the 60s, the transistor computer has displaced it. The transistor volume is smaller, the speed is quicker, the price is more inexpensive, the performance is more reliable, this causes them to be possible by the commercialized proction. 1964 to 1972 computer is called generally the third generation computer. The massive use integrated circuit, the typical type is the IBM360 series. to the 70s, the integrated circuit technology's introction reced the computer proction cost enormously, the computer also henceforth started to move toward everyone. in after 1972 computer custom is called the fourth generation of computer. Based on large scale integrated circuit, and afterward ultra large scale integrated circuit. on April 1, 1972 INTEL promoted 8008 microprocessors. in 1976 Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs origination apple computer company. And promotes its Apple I computer. in May, 1977 Apple II computer issue. on June 1, 1979 INTEL has issued 8 element 8088 microprocessors. the 1982 year, the microcomputer starts to popularize, enters the school and the family massively. in the January, 1982 Commodore 64 computers issued, price: 595 US dollars. in February, 1982 80286 issues. The clock rate enhances 20MHz, and increased the protected mode, may visit the 16M memory. Supports above 1GB the virtual memory. Each second carries out 2,700,000 instructions, integrated 134000 transistors.
in November, 1990: First generation of MPC (multimedia personal computing standards) issued. Processor 80286/12MHz, afterward increased at least to 80386SX/16 MHz, and light drives, at least 150 KB/sec transfer rates. on October 10, 1994 Intel issued 75 MHz the Pentium processor. on November 1, 1995 Pentium Pro issue. The basic frequency may reach 200 MHz, each second completes 440,000,000 instructions, integrated 5,500,000 transistors. on January 8, 1997 Intel issued Pentium MMX. Have carried on the enhancement to the game and the multimedia functions. the hereafter computer's change changes with each new day, in 1965 published the mole of law publication should prove unceasingly, forecast that was still still suitable in the next 10~15 years.
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 11:41
oday，computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines，robots，and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input，processing it，and procing output. Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system.
Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems，as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions.that is，with different software.
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翻译:
计算机组成原理
计算机硬件
人们为解决问题而制造计算机。早期的计算机解决的是数学和工程问题，后来计算机着重解决商业应用中的信息处理问题。如今，计算机还用来控制如汽车发动机、机器人和微波炉等各式各样的机器。计算机系统解决上述这些领域中的任何一个问题都是通过接收输入、处理问题和生成输出来实现的。图1-1说明了计算机系统的功能。
计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。计算机之所以有用，是因为它们能解决很多不同类型的问题，是通用的机器。相对而言，每种专用机只能解决一类问题。通过为系统配备不同的指令系统，也就是配备不同的软件，能用同一硬件去解决不同的问题。
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 11:42
Milestones in Computer Development
WEBLIOGRAPHY AND CREDITS
2000 B.C. The abacus is first used for computations.
1642 A.D. Blaise Pascal creates a mechanical adding machine for tax computations. It is unreliable.
1670 Gottfried von Liebniz creates a more reliable adding machine that adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and calculates square roots.
1842 Charles Babbage designs an analytical engine to perform general calculations automatically. Ada Augusta (a.k.a. Lady Lovelace) is a programmer for this machine.
1890 Herman Hollerith designs a system to record census data. The information is stored as holes in cards, which are interpreted by machines with electrical sensors. Hollerith starts a company that will eventually become IBM.
1939 John Atanasoff, with graate student Clifford Berry, designs and builds the first electronic digital computer. His project was funded by a grant for 650$.
1946 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly design and build the ENIAC computer. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes and cost $500,000 to build.
1946 John von Neumann proposes that a program be stored in a computer in the same way that data are stored. His proposal, called the "von Neumann architecture," is the basis for modern computers.
1951 Eckert and Mauchly build the first general-purpose commercial computer, the UNIVAC.
1957 An IBM team, led by John Backus, designs the first successful high-level programming language, FORTRAN, for solving engineering and science problems.
1958 The first computer to use the transistor as a switching device, the IBM 7090, is introced.
1964 The first computer to use integrated circuits, the IBM 360, is announced.
1965 The CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system is introced. It allows several users simultaneously to use, or share, a single computer.
1970 A first version of the UNIX operating system is running on the DEC PDP-7.
1971 Nicklaus Wirth designs the Pascal programming language as a language for teaching structured programming concepts.
1972 Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey develops the language C.
1973 Part of the UNIX operating system is implemented in C.
1975 The first microcomputer, the Altair, is introced.
1975 The first supercomputer, the Cray-1, is announced.
1976 Digital Equipment Corporation introces its popular minicomputer, the DEC VAX 11/780.
1977 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer.
1978 Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston develop the first electronic spreadsheet, called VisiCalc, for the Apple computer.
1979-82 Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey introces "C with Classes."
1981 IBM introces the IBM PC.
1983-85 C with Classes is redesigned and reimplemented as C++.
1984 Apple introces the Macintosh, the first widely available computer with a "user-friendly" graphical interface using icons, windows, and a mouse device.
1988 Work on standardization of C++ begins.
1989 Microsoft Corporation introces Windows for IBM computers.
1989 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.
Computer History
Year/Enter Computer History
Inventors/Inventions Computer History
Description of Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer.
1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC.
1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later...
1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories.
1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley
The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers.
1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners.
1953 International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'.
1954 John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming Language The first successful high level programming language.
1955
(In Use 1959)
Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric
ERMA and MICR The first bank instry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks.
1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
1962 Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game The first computer game invented.
1964 Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end.
1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor The first microprocessor.
1971 Alan Shugart &IBM
The "Floppy" Disk Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility.
1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer Networking Networking.
1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers.
1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers.
1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Any proct that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner.
1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software Word Processors.
1981 IBM
The IBM PC - Home Computer From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution
1981 Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of the century.
1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface.
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI.
1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.
SERIES TO BE CONTINUED
热心网友
时间：2022-06-22 11:43
Over the years, Wiener and the invention of the computer simulation Bush has been working with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have forged profound friendship. 1940, in a letter to Bush, Wiener wrote, the modern computer is digital, electronic components constituted by using binary, and the internal storage of the data. Wiener made these principles, guidelines for the electronic computer in the right direction.
