英语新闻的结构特征
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发布时间：2023-05-25 06:29
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时间：2024-11-15 03:15
标题（headline）：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。
在报纸、广播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中，百分之九十是用倒金字塔结构写成的。对于报纸来说，倒金字塔结构的新闻有自己的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分；在生活节奏越来越快的今天，一般读者很少把一条新闻从头到尾读完，他们可能随时放下报纸，因此，报纸有必要让读者首先读到最重要的新闻内容。
为了帮助读者了解这种倒金字塔式结构，请见西方新闻学著作中的图表说明：
The Inverted Pyramid Form
Introction containing most important or most interesting
more facts 更多的事实材料
supporting information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料
quotes or more facts of lesser importance引语或次要的事实材料
minor details 细节材料
least significant information 最不重要的消息
为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点，现举美联社2001年11月22日的一篇报道为例：
NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，2001
28 Killed in Colombia Landslide
By JUAN PABLO TORO
Associated Press Writer
FILADELFIA Colom bia（AP）—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on
scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday，killingat least 28 and leaving 40
others missing，authorities said．
The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had
made the mine unsafe．It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to
blame for the accident．
Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia，a small town
120 miles west of Bogotá．The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche．
Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive，butonly recovered bodies．
As night fell Thursday，national disaster chief Eardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations．The search was to resume Friday．
Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered，and at least 40 people were missing． Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals．
Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene，many of them anguished and weepingrelatives．
Emergency crews from the Red Cross and
the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over
the site．Complicating therecovery effort，huge pools of water had seeped into the site
from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse gold particles fromdirt．
Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side．The workers were toiling with shovels
and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill．The cavern had no structural
supports．
Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud．
Others were not so lucky．
“We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us，”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza．“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out．”
Loaiza said he made less than ＄9a day at the crude mine．His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud．
According to Julian Arboleda，an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias，of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago．But residents thrown out of workby Colom bia's econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway，Arboleda said．
Landslides triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster，killing dozens of people annually．Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years．
According to the government's disaster relief agency，nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried their houses．Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf．
消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面（NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST），即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。
第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦比亚西部的一露天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌，至少28人死亡，40人失踪。
第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。
第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。
第十三、十四和第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。
Who—gold miners
What—were killed
When—Thursday（Nov．22）
Where—in western Colombia
Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain
How—（were killed）by crash
