智利大地震 英文介绍
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发布时间：2023-06-03 02:23
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热心网友
时间：2024-12-04 15:03
George Pararas-Carayannis
(Excerpts from archives compiled in preparaation of a Catalog of Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean and for the Catalog of Tsunamis in the Hawaiian Islands. World Data Center A- Tsunami U.S. Dept. of Commerce Environmental Science Service Administration Coast and Geodetic Survey, May 1969)
Summary
The largest earthquake ( magnitude 9.5) of the 20th century occurred on May 22, 1960 off the coast of South Central Chile. It generated one of the most destructive Pacific-wide tsunamis. Near the generating area, both the earthquake and the tsunami were extremely destructive, particularly in the coastal area extending from Concepcion to the south end of Isla Chiloe. The most extensive tsunami damage occurred at Isla Chiloe, the coastal area closest to the epicenter. Huge tsunami waves measuring as high as 25 meters, arrived within 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake, killing at least two hundred people, sinking all the boats, and inundating half a kilometer inland. There was extensive damage and loss of life at Concepcion, Chile's top instrial city. Near the city of Valdivia, the earthquake and subsequent aftershocks generated landslides which killed 18 people. At the port city of Valparaiso, a city of 200,000, numerous buildings collapsed. A total of 130,000 houses were destroyed - one in every three in the earthquake zone and approximately 2,000,000 people were left homeless. Total damage losses, including to agriculture and to instry, were estimated to be over a half billion dollars (1960 dollars). The total number of fatalities associated with both the tsunami and the earthquake was never established accurately for the region. Estimates of fatalities ranged between 490 to 5,7002 with no distinction as to how many deaths were caused by the earthquake and how many were caused by the tsunami However, it is believed that most of the deaths in Chile were caused by the tsunami.
Parking meters along the Hilo Bay front were bent from the tremendous force of the tsunami waves. ITIC Archives - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo).
The tsunami was also very destructive throughout the Pacific Ocean, but particularly in the Hawaiian Islands and in Japan where there was tremendous loss of life and damage to property. It took about 15 hours for the tsunami to travel to the Hawaiian Islands - a total distance of more than 10,000 kilometers from the generating area in Southern Chile. The tsunami caused little damage in most of the Hawaiian islands, but the island of Hawaii and particularly the Hilo Bay area were hit the hardest. Destructive waves destroyed completely the waterfront and killed 61 people. Total damage was estimated at $24 million (1960 dollars).
Elsewhere along the western coast of the United States, notable tsunami waves and run-up were begun 15.5 hours after the occurrence of the earthquake in Chile. At Crescent City, California, waves of up to 1.7 meters were observed and minor damage was reported.
Introction
On May 22, 1960, the largest recorded earthquake this century occured off the coast of South Central Chile along the Peru-Chile Trench. The earthquake generated one of the the most destructive tsunamis in the Pacific. Both the earthquake and the tsunami were extremely destructive in Chile, particularly in the coastal area extending from Concepcion to the south end of Isla Chiloe. The destructive effects of the tsunami were experienced throughout the Pacific Ocean and were particularly devastating in Chile, Hawaii, and Japan.
The May 22, 1960 Chilean Earthquake
The May 22, 1960 earthquake occurred at 19:11 GMT, off the coast of South Central Chile. Its surface-wave magnitude was 8.6. The Moment Magnitude (a better measure of the earthquake's energy release)was estimated at 9.5. The epicenter of the earthquake was at 39.5° South, 74.5° West, and the focal depth was 33 kms (20.5 miles).
Earthquake Effects in Chile
A number of large foreshocks proceeded the main earthquake by about 30 minutes. The large foreshocks served as a warning and some lives were saved as many people had evacuated buildings and had taken to the safety of open space.
The earthquake was extremely destructive in Chile, particularly along the coastal area extending from Concepcion to the south end of Isla Chiloe. There was extensive damage and loss of life at Concepcion, Chile's top instrial city. Near the city of Valdivia, the earthquake and subsequent aftershocks generated landslides which killed 18 people. At the port city of Valparaiso, a city of 200,000, numerous buildings collapsed.
Estimates of Fatalities and Property Damage: The number of fatalities associated with both the tsunami and the earthquake was never established accurately for the region. Estimates of fatalities ranged between 490 to 2,290, with no distinction as to how many of the deaths were caused by the earthquake and how many were caused by the tsunami waves. However, it is believed that most of the deaths were caused by the tsunami, while most of the property damage may have been caused by the earthquake.
A total of 130,000 houses were destroyed - one in every three in the earthquake zone. Total damage losses, including to agriculture and to instry, were estimated to be over a half billion dollars (1960 dollars).
Source Mechanism of the May 22, 1960 Earthquake
This southern region of Chile where the May 22, 1960 earthquake occured was along the great subction zone between the Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Specifically, the earthquake's focal mechanism was of the thrust-type and was caused by the downward movement of the subcting Chile Ridge oceanic plate below the South American plate. This coincided with the Chile triple junction region where elastic strain had accumulated.
Earthquake Magnitude: The Great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, was the largest seismic event ever recorded instrumentally in the world. The earthquake's moment magnitude (MW) was a staggering 9.5. The energy released was about one fourth of the total global seismic moment release between the years 1904-1986.
Foreshoks, the Main Earthquake and Major Aftershocks: There were several large foreshocks in the general area which proceeded the main earthquake of 19:11 GMT, on May 22, 1960. The aftershocks continued for weeks. The epicenters of these aftershocks extended from Latitude 37 degrees South to as much as 48 degrees South and from Longitude 71.5 degrees West to 77.0 West.
Fault Length: The extensive distribution of the afterschoks indicates a rather extensive fault zone which was almost 1,000 km long 300 km wide.
智利大地震（great Chilean earthquakes of）
1960智利中南部海岸地区从1960年5月21日开始发生一系列的大地震。20世纪板块边界大地震中最突出的事件。从北面的康塞普西翁市到南面的瓦尔的维亚市，在一个月之内发生7次7级以上地震，其中有 3次是 7.7 级以上的巨大地震，最大的一次为8.5级。由于面波震级MS的饱和效应，8.5并不能说明此震规模之巨大，如按矩震级MW计算 ，此震应为 9.5级（见震级）。之所以如此，是因为板块边界巨大地震的破裂面是非常之大的，超过了面波震级所表示的范围。
由于此震规模巨大，地球的整体受到首都圣地亚哥市容一次罕见的冲击，因而发生地球自由振荡。此外，地震激发的海啸也是罕见的，15小时后海啸的大潮波传到夏威夷群岛，22小时后传到日本东海岸，造成巨大损失。
热心网友
时间：2024-12-04 15:03
