此处为何不能用that?有关定语从句
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发布时间：2023-10-09 04:16
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四川省武胜中心中学 孙祥辉
一、定语从句及相关术语
1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。
关系词常有 3 个作用：1. 引导定语从句。2. 代替先行词。3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who 指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom )I want to see.
注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。
(3) The man( who/whom) you met just now is my friend.
3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning?
注意: 当关系代词做介词的宾语，而介词又提前时，不能省略，此时不能用 that /who，只能用 whom /which（见后）。
5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose 指物时，常用“名词 + of which ”结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
三、介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词 + 关系代词（只用 whom /which）引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 一些固定短语不能拆开使用（拆开后会发生歧义），如：look for, look after, take care of，care for, see to 等
(1) This is the watch （which /that）I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用 which，不能用 that，且不能省；关系代词是所有格时用 whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man(who/that) you talked with is my friend. (T)
(3) The man with who/that you talked is my friend. (F)
(4) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(5) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born .
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down .
3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语, 引导词为 reason
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换（但不能全部逆推）
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五、*性定语从句和非*性定语从句
A: *性定语从句 B：非*性定语从句
形式上： A: 不用逗号和主句隔开 B：用逗号和主句隔开
意义上： A: 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 B：是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整
译法上： A: 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……” B：通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用上： A: (1)．做宾语时可省略 (2)．可用 that (3)．可用 who 代替 whom
B: (1)．不可省 (2)．不用 that (3)．不用 who 代替 whom
*性定语从句举例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
非*性定语从句举例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
难点分析
（一）*性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：（1）当先行词含 one, ones, any, anyone, all, this, that, these, those 等且指人时，多用 who/ whom 如：All who came here must wait.
Any man who has a sense of ty won't do such a thing .
（2）当先行词为 I, he, you,they 等且指人时, 多用 who/ whom
I, Who am your friend, often see you playing basketball.
2. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词为序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，多用 who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有物时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
7. 当关系词在从句中做表语时
Tom is not the boy that he used to be.
(二) 通常使 which 用的场合
1. 指物
（1）介词提前时（见前） （2）非*定语从句中（见前）
2. 当关系代词之后有插入语时
(1) I have received your constructive letter which, as I have told you ,was uegently needed by the press.
3. 先行词为“that”，特别是在谚语中
(1) The clock is that which tells the time.
(2) That which is evil is soon learned.( 坏事易学。)
(3) That which is well done is twice done.
（三）定语从句中的主谓一致
1. 当关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语形式必须与先行词在人称和数上保持一致
（1）I, who am your friend ,hope to see you every day.
2. 当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时从句的谓语动词形式用复数但“one”前有“the（ very） ”, “the （ only ）“修饰时从句的谓语动词形式要用单数
（1）He is one of my friends who often used to visit me.
（2）He is the (only) one of the students who works hard.
（四）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句
as 和 which 引导非*性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非*性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非*性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 which 有“这一点”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行词受 such, the same，so ,as 修饰时，常用 as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由 the same 修饰时，也可用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同。
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
（五）以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略
(1) The way (in which/ that) he answered the question was surprising.
(六) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
(七) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news(that) he told me is true.(定)
(2) The news that he has
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因为discuss为及物动词
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