求斯威夫特《一个小小的建议》《斯威夫特博士之死》全文
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发布时间:2022-04-27 08:15
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热心网友
时间:2022-06-29 00:49
赏析乔纳森�6�1斯威夫特《一个小小的建议》中的精湛反讽艺术
来源:中国论文下载中心 [ 08-11-09 15:21:00 ] 作者:李晓霞 编辑:studa0714
结合当时爱尔兰的*背景,读者就能更加深刻体会到斯威夫特在《一个小小的建议》中应用温婉之语所表达出来的良苦用心——对英国殖民*的无情鞭挞和对爱尔兰人民的深切同情。自16世纪后,爱尔兰就成为英国的属国,一直受到英国殖民主义*的盘剥。18世纪的爱尔兰经济恶化,加上自然灾害,不少爱尔兰人衣食无着,沦为乞丐。然而,上层阶级不仅坐视不救,一些谋臣策士还建议通过加重爱尔兰百姓负担的办法来解决恶况。在文中,斯威夫特模仿谋臣策士的口吻,以忧国忧民的姿态,提议将爱尔兰贫民的婴儿卖给有钱人做菜肴,不仅可以解决贫民人口过多的问题,而且可以“给有钱人一点乐趣”。文章口气之冷静,考虑之周密,更显出谋臣策士及主子们的毒辣和无情。他在文中建议“可以把尸体剥了皮”,用来做“贵妇人们精美的手套”和“风雅绅士们的凉鞋”。在屠宰这个问题上,他建议“不如买活的小儿去”,“随后现宰现做,像我们烤猪那样办法”。后面又分析了这个建议的六大好处。说得娓娓动听,听来却令人毛骨悚然,衬托出英国殖民统治*的残酷和惨无人道。这篇文章也成为对英国殖民主义惊心动魄的控诉。斯威夫特的散文与小说,几乎都表现了内容的辛辣,《一个小小的建议》这篇文章则使用了精湛的反讽技巧。作为著名的讽刺大师,斯威夫特可以说“嘻笑怒骂皆成文章”,他在创作中娴熟地使用了戏拟、影射、夸张、对比、反讽等艺术手法。但运用最出色,也最让读者欣赏的是反讽这一策略。在此文中,斯威夫特可以说是把反讽的技巧发挥得淋漓尽致。从标题看,就是绝妙的反讽。“A Modest Proposal”中的 “modest”可以译为“小小的、温和的”。表面说这是“小小的或者温和的”建议,实际却是无比“残忍”、“恶毒”和“令人发指”的主张。在具体的叙述中,斯威夫特以一个虔诚的“献策者”的口吻,一本正经、忧国忧民地分析这件事的厉害得失。为了让其“妙计”变得更加有说服力,他精打细算,列举数据,甚至引经据典,煞有介事、不动声色地说着反话。在这篇文章中,斯威夫特从头至尾,都不露声色,那种超乎寻常的冷静语调,让人不寒而栗,散文的表层话语与深层蕴含之间,形成巨大的审美张力,让人体验到一种“*狂”式快感。由于反话说得过于*真,以至“有人相信他所说是真话,非难他的残酷”,而“就是承认它是‘反话’的也要说他是刻薄到无情”。著名作家和翻译家周作人声言《一个小小的建议》是他最喜欢的文章,因为这篇散文在内容的辛辣和形式的“反讽”上做到了天衣无缝的结合。周作人还把其翻成中文,题为《育婴刍议》。周作人对斯威夫特表示出了理解和认同,他认为,斯威夫特这种“野蛮的诙谐”,只是“表面的笑骂”,实乃“盾的背面”,“底下”隐藏着“义愤之火”。在周作人(2002)看来,与其他表述方式相比,“反讽”体现了十足的“绅士味”。它以佯谬、婉转曲折的形式揭露事物的不合情理,避免了峻急直露的宣泄,形成艺术上的“节制”;它有着冷静平和的叙事态度,对愤怒“冲淡”控制,使情感不至于趋向极端;它貌似蔼然,却暗含杀机,在装痴作傻中表现出大智若愚,显示出精神上的优胜;它出言调侃,造成强烈的讽刺效果,在读者的会心一笑中达到消解、*对象的目的,显示了坐着真理在握的绅士气度。因此,用反讽技巧来表现辛辣的内容,就可以巧妙地实现“铁与温雅”的统一。4.结论毫无疑问,斯威夫特以出色的语言功底、敏锐的观察能力加上杰出的反讽技巧,创作出《一个小小的建议》这篇流传至今的*散文,深刻地批判和鞭挞了当时的英国殖民*对于爱尔兰人民的无情统治和惨无人道的压迫。斯威夫特成功地用温婉的言语达到了“所言非所指”的意料之外情理之中的反讽效果。正如王佐良先生(王佐良,1994)所说,斯威夫特的散文是一种“奇异的结合”,一方面,“字里行间有义愤和道德感,其炽热程度也超过了当时别的作家”;另一方面,“谁也不能比他写得更文雅”。这对他采用了反讽技巧的文章来说,再贴切不过,《一个小小的建议》就是其中的典范,因此这篇散文至今还是能让其读者回味无穷。
热心网友
时间:2022-06-29 00:49
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.
热心网友
时间:2022-06-29 00:50
请问你是要翻译过的还是原文?还是一起?
热心网友
时间:2022-06-29 00:50
(找半天只有这个,也不知道对不对·········)
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.
我在伦敦认识一个见识很广的美国人,他向我保证说:一个奶水充足的健康儿童养到一岁,其肉是最鲜美,最滋补、最健康的食品,炖、烤,焙、煮都好,无疑也可油煎作为肉丁或加蔬菜做汤。
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand children already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one-fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle or swine; and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom; always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.
现谨建议如下,祈请公众垂鉴。已统计的十二万名儿童,两万可留下传种,其中四分之一可为男性,此数已超过牛羊猪豕之类留种的比例,理由是这类儿童大多非正式婚姻所生,粗鄙之流亦不介意此点,因此一男可配四女。余下的十万可在一岁时卖给国内有地位有钱者,事前切嘱母亲们在最后一月喂足儿童的奶水,使其肥嫩,以备筵席之用。友朋小集,一儿可作两莱;家庭自享,则一臂一腿可各作一道好菜,若能调以少量胡椒和盐,则存放四天后煮吃仍佳,冬季尤然。
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds, and in a solar year, if tolerably nursed, increaseth to 28 pounds.
我曾计算,初生儿每个平均重12磅,养育得当,一年后可重28磅。
I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.
诚然,此类食品不免价昂,但也因此更合地主们享用。他们既已吞食了儿童的父母,当然也最有资格饱餐这些儿童。
But as to my self, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expense and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, the flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.
至于我本人,在提了多年空洞、不切实际的意见,劳而无功之后,以为再无良策了,幸而想到这个建议,不但完全是新的,而且内容切实,化钱不多,费事不大,靠我们自力就可实行,因而不会冒得罪英格兰的风险。这类商品不宜出口,因肉质太嫩,不宜长期盐腌——不过我也可以说出一个国家的名字,它是可以不加盐就把我们整个民族吃掉的。
I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing.
我恳切声明:本人提议此事,确因必要,绝无半点私图,动机只是为了国家公益,为了增加贸易,安置儿童,救济贫民,同时也给有钱人一点乐趣。本人并无子女能从中取得分文,盖最幼之儿已经九岁,老妻也早过生育之年了。